Psychosocial Approach in Religious Deradicalization Efforts: A Study on Strategies to Overcome Radicalism
Keywords:
radicalism, deradicalization, psychosocial, social inclusionAbstract
This study explores the psychosocial approach in efforts to deradicalize religion, focusing on strategies to overcome radicalism through psychological and social interventions. Spiritual factors do not solely cause religious radicalism. Still, they are also influenced by psychological factors such as identity crisis, social alienation, and mental disorders, as well as social factors such as discrimination and marginalization. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method to understand the phenomenon of radicalism and the deradicalization process in depth. The study's results indicate that radicalism results from various psychosocial and social factors and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in deradicalization efforts. Character education, social awareness, community strengthening, and social inclusion effectively prevent and overcome radicalism. This study makes a significant contribution to the development of more effective radicalism prevention policies and programs. It adds to the academic literature on radicalism and deradicalization in the Indonesian context.
Downloads
References
Ahmed, S. (2022). The ‘war on terror’, state crime & radicalization: A constitutive theory of radicalization. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 15(1), 226-228. DOI: 10.1080/14753634.2022.2031620
Alfredo Benhard Pattiwaellapia, Sapto Priyanto, Muhamad Syauqillah. (2023). Program Deradikalisasi Di Indonesia: Proses Reintegrasi Masyarakat. Nusantara: jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan sosial, 10(4), http://dx.doi.org/10.31604/jips.v10i4.2023.2074-2083
Allport, G. W. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
Apriyanti, H. K. (2021). Alienation among University of Indonesia’s Psychology Students: A Comparative Study amongst First-Year, Second-Year, and Third-Year Students. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 20(1), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v20i1.3485
Banks, J. A. (2008). An Introduction to Multicultural Education. Pearson.
Beck, A. T. (2011). Cognitive Therapy Of Depression. Guilford press.
Berkowitz, M. W., & Bier, M. C. (2004). Research-Based Character Education. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 591(1), 72-85.
Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (2007). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods (5th ed.). Pearson.
Borum, R. (2011). Radicalization into Violent Extremism I: A Review of Social Science Theories. Journal of Strategic Security, 4(4), 7–36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26463910
Cambridge University. Cambridge Advanced Leraners Dictionary. Singapore: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Carter, E. A., & McGoldrick, M. (2005). The expanded family life cycle: Individual, family, and social perspectives. Allyn & Bacon.
Collins, W. A., Gleason, T., & Sesma, A. (2000). Internalization, autonomy, and relationships: Development during adolescence. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 136-161). Cambridge University Press.
Corner, E., & Gill, P. (2015). A false dichotomy? Mental illness and lone-actor terrorism. Law and Human Behavior, 39(1), 23-34.
Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16-20.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Demirtaş-Madran, H. A. (2020). Exploring the Motivation Behind Discrimination and Stigmatization Related to COVID-19: A Social Psychological Discussion Based on the Main Theoretical Explanations. Sec. Personality and Social Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569528
Devi, S., & Arif, M. (2022). Tantangan Radikalisme Dan Upaya Deradikalisasi Beragama. Jurnal Pemikiran Islam (JPI), 2(2), http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jpi.v2i2.13475
Doosje, B., Loseman, A., & van den Bos, K. (2013). Determinants of radicalization of Islamic youth in the Netherlands: Personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and perceived group threat. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 586-604.
DuBois, D. L., Holloway, B. E., Valentine, J. C., & Cooper, H. (2002). Effectiveness of mentoring programs for youth: A meta-analytic review. American Journal of Community Psychology, 30(2), 157-197.
Ellen, R. (2019). Religious violence and conciliation in Indonesia: Christians and Muslims in the Moluccas: by Sumanto Al Qurtuby. South East Asia Research, 27(3), 308–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/0967828X.2019.1664825
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. Norton & Company.
Europol. (2020). European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report (TE-SAT) 2020. Retrieved from Europol
Fibbi, R., Midtbøen, A.H., Simon, P. (2021). Discrimination Across Social Domains. In: Migration and Discrimination. IMISCOE Research Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67281-2_5
Ghifari, I. F. (2017). Radikalisme di Internet. Religious: Jurnal Agama dan Lintas Budaya 1(2), 123-134. https://doi.org/10.15575/rjsalb.v1i2.1391
Gregory L Alexander, Edward L Kinman, Louise C Miller, Timothy B Patrick, (2003). Marginalization and health geomatics, Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 36(4–5), Pages 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2003.09.021
Hayati, N. E. R., Nur Ali, N., & Nazrina, N. N. B. (2021). Tren Baru Program Deradikalisasi Di Lingkungan Organisasi Pemuda Muslim Indonesia. J-PAI: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 8(1), https://doi.org/10.18860/jpai.v8i1.14059
Hidayat, F., Rahma, A., & Permadi, D. (2023). Psychological Factors Influencing Radicalization Among Indonesian Youth. Asian Journal of Psychology, 15(1), 112-126.
Hirsch-Hoefler, S., Canetti, D., & Eiran, E. (2016). Radicalizing Religion? Religious Identity and Settlers’ Behavior. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 39(6), 500–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2015.1127111
Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427-440.
Hogg, M. A. (2014). From uncertainty to extremism: Social categorization and identity processes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(5), 338-342.
Horgan, J. (2008). From Profiles to Pathways and Roots to Routes: Perspectives from Psychology on Radicalization into Terrorism. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 618(1), 80-94. doi:10.1177/0002716208317539
Hoti, A. A. & Ahmed, Z. S. (2017). Peace Education in Pakistan: A Case Study of the Centre for Dialogue and Action, FC College University. In I. Management Association (Ed.), Violence and Society: Breakthroughs in Research and Practice (pp. 369-385). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0988-2.ch021
Huda, M. N. (2017). Intoleransi Kaum Muda di Tengah Kebangkitan Kelas Menengah Muslim di Perkotaan. Jakarta: Wahid Foundation.
Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Fortin, G., Masse, M., Therien, P., Bouchard, V., ... & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). Mindfulness-based therapy: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(6), 763-771.
Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Laisa, E. (2014). “Islam dan Radikalisme,” Islamuna Vol 1, no. 1: 1, https://doi.org/10.19105/islamuna.v1i1.554
Lung, F. W., Shu, B. C., Chiang, T. L., Lin, S. J., & Lan, Y. L. (2013). Predictive validity of resilience for mental health and quality of life: A longitudinal study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(8), 1812-1813.
Mahmud, R., & Hasan, M. (2023). Comprehensive Approaches to Countering Radicalism in Southeast Asia. International Journal of Peace Studies, 10(2), 78-94.
Marwick, A., Clancy, B., & Furl, K. (2022). Far-Right Online Radicalization: A Review of the Literature. The Bulletin of Technology & Public Life. https://doi.org/10.21428/bfcb0bff.e9492a11
McCauley, C., & Moskalenko, S. (2017). Understanding Political Radicalization: The Two-Pyramids Model. American Psychologist, 72(3), 205-216. doi:10.1037/amp0000062
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. Jossey-Bass.
Miklikowska, M., Jasko, K., & Kudrnac, A. (2023). The Making of a Radical: The Role of Peer Harassment in Youth Political Radicalism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672211070420
Mughal R, DeMarinis V, Nordendahl M, Lone H, Phillips V, Boyd-MacMillan E. (2023). Public Mental Health Approaches to Online Radicalisation: An Empty Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 20(16):6586. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20166586
Natalia, A. (2019). Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Radikalisme Dalam Beragama (Kajian Sosiologi Terhadap Pluralisme Agama Di Indonesia), Al-Adyan: Jurnal Studi Lintas Agama, /Vol.XI, No.1/Januari-Juni/2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/ajsla.v11i1.1436
Nurish, A. (2019). “Dari Fanatisme Ke Ekstremisme: Ilusi, Kecemasan, Dan Tindakan Kekerasan”. Jurnal Masyarakat dan Budaya: Vol. 21 No. 1, 31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14203/jmb.v21i1.829
Nurita, C.. (2022). Upaya Mencegah Meluasnya Paham Radikalisme Melalui Program Deradikalisasi. Jurnal Ilmiah METADATA, 4(1), 316-327. https://doi.org/10.47652/metadata.v4i1.134
Patel, V., Saxena, S., Lund, C., Thornicroft, G., Baingana, F., Bolton, P., ... & UnÜtzer, J. (2018). The Lancet Commission on global mental health and sustainable development. The Lancet, 392(10157), 1553-1598.
Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Pew Research Center. (2017). The Religious Landscape Study. Retrieved from Pew Research Center
Prasetya, F. (2021). Buku Ajar Psikologi Kesehatan. Jakarta: Guepedia.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster.
Qomarullah, M. (2016). “Radikalisme dalam Pandangan Islam,” el-Ghiroh Vol 10, no. 1 (Februari): 61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37092/el-ghiroh.v10i1.49
Reyna, C., Bellovary, A. and Harris, K. (2022), The Psychology of White Nationalism: Ambivalence Towards a Changing America. Social Issues and Policy Review, 16: 79-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12081
Rokhmad, A. (2012). Radikalisme Islam Dan Upaya Deradikalisasi Paham Radikal. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 20(1), 79-114. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.20.1.185
Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Saliyo. (2020). “Menanamkan Nilai-Nilai Tasamuh untuk Menangkal Paham Radikalisme di Taman Pendidikan Al-Qur'an (TPQ) Perspektif Psikologi Pendidikan Islam”, THUFULA: Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Guru Raudhatul Athfal, Vol. 8 | No. 1 | Januari–Juni. 94. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/thufula.v8i1.7267
Schröder, C.P., Bruns, J., Lehmann, L. et al. (2022). Radicalization in Adolescence: the Identification of Vulnerable Groups. Eur J Crim Policy Res 28, 177–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-022-09505-x
Sholihin, A., & Kurnia, H. (2023). Internet Sebagai Media Penyebaran Ideologi Radikal: Dampak, Tantangan, dan Upaya Penanggulangannya. Academy of Social Science and Global Citizenship Journal, 3(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.47200/aossagcj.v3i1.1844
Smith, A. G. (2022). Domestic Radicalization Research Yields Possible Keys to Identifying Extremists on the Path to Terrorism. National Institute of Justice. Retrieved from https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/domestic-radicalization-research-yields-possible-keys-identifying-extremists-path
Spencer, N., Urquhart, M.-A., & Whitely, P. (2020). Class Discrimination? Evidence from Jamaica: A Racially Homogeneous Labor Market. Review of Radical Political Economics, 52(1), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0486613419832674
Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant Observation. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Strelau, J. (200). Temperament A Psichological Perspective. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Tabrani, D., Herdi Sahrasad, H., & Chaidar, A. (2024). Radikalisme Sosial, Terorisme, dan Konflik Internasional. Jakarta: Freedom Foundation dan Unimal Press. https://sespim.lemdiklat.polri.go.id/assets/file/1709096484_RADIKALISME_SOSIAL_TERORISME_DAN_KONFLIK_INTERNASIONAL_OLEH_DEDY_TABRANI,_HERDI_SAHRASAD,_AL-CHAIDAR.pdf
The Wahid Foundation (2022). http://wahidfoundation.org/index.php/publication/detail/Intoleransi-Kaum-Muda-di-TengahKebangkitan-Kelas-Menengah-Muslim-di-Perkotaan
Tinnes, J. (2014). Bibliography: Terrorism Research Literature (Part 1). Perspectives on Terrorism, 8(1), 99–132. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26297103
Wahyuni, S., & Suparman, T. (2023). The Role of Social Media in Spreading Radical Ideologies Among Indonesian Millennials. Journal of Communication Studies, 25(4), 456-472.
Weine, S., B. Heidi Ellis, Ronald Haddad, Alisa B. Miller, Rebecca Lowenhaupt, and Chloe Polutnik. (2015). “Supporting A Multidisciplinary Approach to Violent Extremism: The Integration of Mental Health in Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) and What Law Enforcement Needs to Know." College Park, MD: START. http://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_LessonsLearnedfromMentalHealthAndEducation_LawEnforcementSummary_Oct2015.pdf
Weine, S., Ellis, H., Feeny, T., & Kulenovic, A. (2015). Bridging the Gap Between Community and Clinical Approaches to Violent Extremism: Public Health and Human Services Perspectives. Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, 9(3), 208-218. doi:10.1080/19434472.2016.1206019
World Health Organization. (2013). Mental health action plan 2013-2020.
Yalom, I. D., & Leszcz, M. (2005). The Theory And Practice Of Group Psychotherapy. Basic Books.
Yellowlees, P., & Shore, J. H. (2020). Telepsychiatry and health technologies: A guide for mental health professionals. American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Zmigrod, L. (2022). A Psychology of Ideology: Unpacking the Psychological Structure of Ideological Thinking. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 17(4), 1072-1092. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916211044140
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdul Karim, Moh. Dasuki
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors can enter separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
